Explain the ethical significance of the Sermon Essay Example for Free

Clarify the moral criticalness of the Sermon Essay The Sermon on the Mount is one of the key areas of the New Testament, in which Jesus expands upon the Decalogue to shape the main outline of Christian morals. Jesus was lecturing in direct differentiation to the Greek way of thinking of emotionlessness, which looked to isolate man from his feelings. Feelings, particularly love, highlight intensely in the Sermon on the Mount. It remains morally applicable more than 2000 years after the fact for some reasons, the first is the basic standards behind it. Jesus didn't come to abrogate Old Testament law, however to satisfy it. The Jews were caught in an arrangement of cruel legalism, where dutifulness was persuaded by dread as opposed to cherish. The Pharisees made a fantastic presentation of sacredness by keeping the law, yet the Sermon on the Mount trains that their hearts were vacant. Jesus based on the Ten Commandments to make a framework administered by leniency, love and devotion to God. Regardless of whether the way of life changes the fundamental moral standards behind the message don't change. It is an ethical code that focusses as much on internal good mien as it does our outside activities: Jenkins composed, â€Å"inner consideration and demeanor is vital. † Even on the off chance that a normally decent activity is performed with corrupt idea, at that point it gets unethical. The most significant thing to acknowledge about the Sermon on the Mount is that it is unimaginable for anybody to keep it totally, as it requests flawlessness. Despite the fact that they will never be liberated from wrongdoing in this life, Christians utilize the lesson so as to attempt to turn out to be progressively similar to Jesus, who was great. The Sermon is about Christian blessing. Jesus talks not just on what Christians ought to do to be good, however he additionally clarifies why it is essential to be moral in any case. He expresses that Christians are the salt and light of the world. Salt is noteworthy in light of the fact that it speaks to immaculateness, protection and flavor. In this manner we comprehend that Christians ought to keep up a decent moral code so as to set a guide to society and to protect it from absolute defilement. The picture of the light is likewise key: in the Bible light consistently represents bliss and gift. A light is noticeable to all, thus the Christian should try to make Christ obvious to all through their activities. A light is likewise an admonition, speaking to the Christian’s obligation to affectionately caution their individual men about their transgression. Further on in the Sermon Jesus rebukes that, â€Å"If the light then inside you is murkiness, how incredible is that dimness! † Furthermore, the Sermon on the Mount gives numerous particular instances of Christian morals, the first is with respect to kill. Jesus likens outrage to murder, and talks about the flames of hellfire. This is in opposition to the contemporary universalist perspective on Jesus and his demise which has driven a few researchers to guarantee that when he talks about damnation it is only allegorical. In any case, Jesus is confirming that you can't be directly with God until you are directly with your kindred men, which all identifies with the salt-and-light notoriety of a Christian. Jesus additionally educates about infidelity and sexual ethical quality. Again he likens the internal sin of desire to the outward sin of infidelity. He additionally announces that wedding a separated from lady considers infidelity, a piece of the Sermon that even Christians have started to dismiss. This is in opposition to the Old Testament where Moses allowed †yet didn't order †separate due to the remorselessness of the individuals. The cozy connection between a couple reflects the relationship Christ imparts to his Church, which is the reason sex includes so profoundly in Christian morals. Love, when completely comprehended. Is opening oneself to another totally and can succeed just where trust and loyalty are available. In this manner, another piece of the Sermon on the Mount that is morally critical would be the place Jesus manages how we ought to identify with others. The measures set by Jesus are so high it is simple for Christians to look downward on those that are battling. Jesus, ever a carpenter’s child, utilizes the illustration of the bit in your brother’s eye and the board in your own. We are for the most part miscreants and it would be exceptionally double-dealing to pass judgment on another when we are additionally defective. We never know the entire tale about somebody and it is difficult to be fair-minded in our judgment. The Jews knew about the idea of adoring your neighbor and not passing judgment on him, yet they didn't feel the equivalent about their adversaries. Jesus directed us to show agape love towards our adversaries. Such love doesn't normally originate from the heart, however is rather should be placed vigorously through one’s own will. As Jesus was benevolent and excusing to heathens, so we ought to be. This is imperative to Christian morals. Another moral part of how we identify with others is the means by which we treat the individuals who are more unfortunate than us. It isn't sufficient to just lecture them, yet we should deal with their physical needs just as profound. Jesus stated, â€Å"Give to him who asks of you, and don't get some distance from him who needs to obtain from you. † Charitable giving was a basic piece of Jewish life, yet Jesus included another component: it was just moral whenever finished with the right inspiration. The Greek word interpreted as deceiver in the Bible truly implies ‘actor’. This is the reason Jesus orders us to give covertly, in case we become proud. In addition, there is an unequivocal eschatological viewpoint to the Sermon on the Mount as it reaches to an inference. This stresses to the Christian how their morals are endlessly critical and will be considered on the Day of Judgment. Jesus expresses that couple of will enter the Kingdom of Heaven and that not all that pronounce to have confidence in him as Lord will be spared. He cautions of bogus prophets who will come in sheep’s attire; in this circumstance the morals introduced in the Sermon on the Mount are indispensable so a Christian can distinguish who is a genuine devotee. We are not spared by works, however they are a significant piece of our Christian character. The Sermon on the Mount additionally has certain outreaching tones all through. It shows the unbeliever what is expected of them on the off chance that they follow Jesus, and the extreme outcomes in the event that they don't. Spurgeon composed of this section, â€Å"The shepherd best observes his own sheep, and the Lord, Himself alone knows reliably them who are His. † To finish up, there are clashing speculations with respect to the idea of the Sermon †certain scholars, for example, Calvin trust it is an arrangement of many separate lessons. Others banter specialized subtleties, for example, regardless of whether it was lectured on a mount or a plain. In any case, something that each Christian will concede to is that the Sermon on the Mount is of the highest significant as an establishment for Christian morals. Stott stated, â€Å"The Sermon on the Mount is likely the most popular piece of the instructing of Jesus, thought seemingly it is the least comprehended, and positively it is the least complied. †

Formalist and Expressionist Concepts of Art Essay

Formalist and Expressionist Concepts of Art - Essay Example Clive Bell contends this point by expressing that â€Å"to value a gem we need carry with us nothing from life, no information on its thoughts and issues, no nature with its emotions† (refered to in Warburton 10) This conflict precisely delineates the â€Å"art for art’s sake† disposition taken by numerous specialists and workmanship pundits buying in to more formalist systems, which shun the significance of portrayal and setting in craftsmanship creation and workmanship gratefulness yet judge the estimation of a craftsmanship on its rationality, organization, and marvelous utilization of forms. The impact of formalism on craftsmen and their work is especially obvious in the canvases of the old bosses. Caravaggio’s fourteenth-century magnum opus â€Å"Bacchus,† for example, which shows the antiquated diety as a smashed youngster in a leaning back posture, is fascinating in the formalist sense not in light of the artists’ amazing capacity fo r portrayal however for the way the canvas itself causes to notice the forms and states of the human body, just as the commitment of the hues utilized via Caravaggio to loan warmth, profundity, and importance to his work. In the composition, Caravaggio utilizes the conventional methods of likeness to present to introduce an all around created, adjusted image of Bacchus attempting to cover his exposed middle with drapery while offering a flagon of wine either to the painter or to the painting’s watchers. This is accomplished using a shading pallete commanded by quieted red and green tints that guide the viewer’s focus toward Bacchus’ face .... The impact of formalism on specialists and their work is especially clear in the artistic creations of the old experts. Caravaggio's fourteenth-century magnum opus Bacchus, for example, which shows the old diety as a smashed youngster in a leaning back posture, is intriguing in the formalist sense not as a result of the craftsmen's amazing capacity for portrayal yet for the way the artistic creation itself causes to notice the forms and states of the human body, just as the commitment of the hues utilized via Caravaggio to loan warmth, profundity, and importance to his work. In the artwork, Caravaggio utilizes the customary strategies of representation to present to introduce an all around made, adjusted image of Bacchus attempting to cover his exposed middle with drapery while offering a challis of wine either to the painter or to the work of art's watchers. This is accomplished using a shading pallete overwhelmed by quieted red and green tints that guide the watcher's focus toward Bacchus' face and afterward drives it to the hand offering the cup. In like manner, Caravaggio utilizes for the most part adjusted shapes and forms that increase the feeling of natural, streaming nature of Bacchus' body, the wine, and the drapery. Caravaggio likewise makes profundity by using shading methods to make a feeling of room inside the artwork utilizing contrasts among light and dull hues. It is using these components that Caravaggio's image of Bacchus turns into a thing of significant worth in the formalist sense, since it is through the association between the structures in the canvas that the specialists' rendering of the divinity brings out stylish emotions in the watcher. On the other

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 12, 2020

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for February 12, 2020 Sponsored by Amazon Publishing and Don’t Look Down by Hilary Davidson. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Sometimes I Lie by  Alice Feeney for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. The Island of Sea Women by  Lisa See for $2.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Mycroft Holmes by Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Anna Waterhouse for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. I Am Half-Sick of Shadows by  Alan Bradley for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals When: The Scientific Secrets of Perfect Timing by  Daniel H. Pink for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Little by  Edward Carey for $1.99. Get it here,  or just click on the cover image below. Previous Daily Deals That Are Still Active As Of This Writing (Get em While Theyre Hot!): The Right Swipe by  Alisha Rai for $1.99 Jade City by Fonda Lee for $2.99 The Hollow of Fear by  Sherry Thomas for $1.99 Her Royal Highness by  Rachel Hawkins for $1.99 Mind of My Mind by Octavia Butler for $1.99 Invisible by Stephen L. Carter for $3.99 The Vanished Bride by Bella Ellis for $1.99 Knitting Yarns: Writers on Knitting edited by Ann Hood for $1.99 This Is How It Always Is by  Laurie Frankel for $2.99 Truly, Madly, Royally by Debbie Rigaud for $1.99 I’m Judging You by Luvvie Ajayi for $2.99 Furiously Happy by  Jenny Lawson for $2.99 The Mysterious Affair at Styles by Agatha Christie for $2.99 The Deep by Rivers Solomon, Daveed Diggs, William Hutson, and Jonathan Snipes for $1.99 Half-Blood Blues by Esi Edugyan for $3.99 Dinner for Everyone by  Mark Bittman for $2.99 Eloquent Rage: A Black Feminist Discovers Her Superpower by Brittney C. Cooper for $3.99 A Girl Like That by Tanaz Bhathena  $2.99 The Diviners by Libba Bray for $2.99 Conversations with Myself by Nelson Mandela for $3.99 One Good Earl Deserves a Lover by Sarah McLean for $3.99 I Love You So Mochi by Sarah Kuhn for $1.99 Bring Up the Bodies by Hilary Mantel for $3.99 The Mapmaker’s Wife by  Robert Whitaker for $1.99 Tangerine by  Christine Mangan for $2.99 Wicked Saints by  Emily A. Duncan for $2.99 No One Is Coming to Save Us by Stephanie Powell Watts for $2.99 Monsoon Mansion by Cinelle Barnes  for $0.99 The Sellout by Paul Beatty for $3.99 I Am, I Am, I Am: Seventeen Brushes With Death by Maggie OFarrell for $4.99 The Burning Chambers by Kate Mosse for $2.99 The Surgeon by  Tess Gerritsen for $2.99 Feel Free by Zadie Smith for $3.99 The Epic Crush of Genie Lo by F.C. Lee for $1.99 Burn Baby Burn by Meg Medina for $1.99 That Kind of Guy by Talia Hibbert for $3.99 The Awakened Kingdom by N.K. Jemisin for $2.99 Odd and the Frost Giants by Neil Gaiman for $3.99 Labyrinth Lost by Zoraida Cordova for $4.09 Once Ghosted, Twice Shy by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Everythings Trash, But Its Okay  by Phoebe Robinson for $4.99 Tiny Pretty Things  by Sona Charaipotra and Dhonielle Clayton for $4.99 Nefertiti by Michelle Moran for $3.99 Instant Pot Obsession: The Ultimate Electric Pressure Cooker Cookbook for Cooking Everything Fast by Janet A. Zimmerman for $2.99 Year of Yes by Shonda Rhimes for $2.99 A Quiet Life in the Country by T E Kinsey for $1.99 The Duchess War by Courtney Milan for $4.99 The House of the Spirits: A Novel by Isabel Allende for $1.99 Mangos and Mistletoe: A Foodie Holiday Novella by Adriana Herrera for $2.99 Guapa by Saleem Haddad for $1.99 The Unlikely Escape of Uriah Heep by H. G. Parry for $4.99 Empire of Sand by Tasha Suri for $4.99 Fatality in F (A Gethsemane Brown Mystery Book 4) by Alexia Gordon for $4.99 Reckless by Selena Montgomery for $3.99 Cant Escape Love by Alyssa Cole for $1.99 Brown Girl in the Ring by Nalo Hopkinson for $5.99 Ark by Veronica Roth for $1.99 Ten Women by Marcela Serrano for $3.99 The Price of Salt by Patricia Highsmith for $0.99 Ormeshadow by Priya Sharma for $3.99 Sisters of the Vast Black by Lina Rather for $3.99 Prophecy  by Ellen Oh for $2.99 Along for the Ride  by Mimi Grace for $2.99 Sign up for our Book Deals newsletter and get up to 80% off books you actually want to read.

Negative Attributes of Old Society Essay - 1841 Words

Negative Attributes of Old Societies Starting out, you have to compare the negatives of the Polis from Medea to the negatives of the â€Å"romanitas† from Ovid. There were many negatives that we saw and read about in the book of Medea. The main negative was the state power. Of the state power there was the Bureaucrats, Politicians and the Lawyers. These three groups of people had the entire control over what would happen in their society. Even though Medea was a very loyal woman to her husband Jason, she resented the state power and in turn Jason gave her up. Jason was very loyal to the state power of the elites. Both of them were very loyal, but loyal for two different causes. Here is a quote from Jason explaining why he came to†¦show more content†¦I have no strength to drive these enemies from the house: you must come quickly, to your harbour and refuge! You’ve a son, and I pray he’ll be one who, in his tender years, will be educated in his fa ther’s arts†¦(goes on to say)...You’ll find that I, in truth, a girl when you went away, though you soon return, have become an aged woman† (I: Penelope to Ulysses). The last line is the most important with her saying that she wishes he hadn’t sailed away on a voyage to Troy from Ithica. It is similar to Medea in the way that she has a longing for her husband to come back. But at the same time it is different because Ulysses loves Penelope very much, although Jason does not love Medea anymore. There are the same basic negatives in each story because in Ithica the state power was also supreme. Although it was later on in time, the times that Chaucer was living in were still similar to the structure of society from Athens to Rome. The civilitas during his time basically meant that most things revolved around the upper class as well as religion. An interesting quote from the introduction of Chaucer that we read states, â€Å"The upper class or nobility, represented cheifly by the Knight and his Squire, was in Chaucer’s time steeped in a culture of chivalry and courtliness† (Introduction of Chaucer reading). In his time th ere were many fights between the social classes of people. The three classes were the clergy, the nobility, and theShow MoreRelatedThe Concept Of Quality Of Life1442 Words   |  6 PagesModel Case A model is â€Å"a real life example of the use of the concept that includes all the critical attributes of the concept† (Walker Avant, 2011 p.163). The model case for the purposes of this paper is for the concept of quality of life. Sean is a 49 year old, widowed father of two adult daughters, whom he clearly loves and through objective data is supported by family, friends and church family. His oldest daughter is expecting her first child which will be a boy in just a few shortRead MoreDoes Masculinity Affect Our Society?1341 Words   |  6 Pages The gender stereotypes, which are constructed by our society, formulate what is required to â€Å"be a man†. The desired stereotypical trait of masculinity is a well-established male characteristic, which is vital to fit with assigned gender norms. It is perceived as desirable attribute among society, when in actuality may be causing harm with how it is shaping younger generations. The gender characteristic of masculinity and the attributes required to make a man, have been causing various mentalRead MoreAgeism : Ageism And Prejudice Against The Old Age1506 Words   |  7 Pages Like sexism and racism, ageism is discrimination, a deep and profound prejudice against the elderly. Elderly individuals constantly face negligence because of Ageism. In this society of isms, racism, sexism, and ageism; these things create labels, stereotypes, and categorizes people, by shape, size, color, and age. The elderly in their later years should be able to have a peaceable life and be trea ted with dignity and respect. However, pretty much anyone over the age of 50 is a target for an attackRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter1631 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is famous for his works that revolve around the Puritan society. The Puritans were very stringent in the way they dealt with rules and ways of life, and Hawthorne does an exceptional job depicting the Puritan lifestyle through his stories. Though many principles from Puritan society has made its way to form the present day American society, Hawthorne might disagree and did not believe that the good attributes originated from Puritan ways. Nathaniel Hawthorne, through the works ofRead MoreRoyal Role Models : Why Disney Princesses1555 Words   |  7 PagesWHY DISNEY PRINCESSES ARE A POSITIVE INFLUENCE TO YOUNG GIRLS Are tiaras, dresses, princes, and castles destroying the minds of our youth? Most adults believe that children are heavily influenced by the things they see around them, mostly having a negative impact on their development. A phenomenon that follows this ideal are the ever so popular Disney princesses. Disney princesses are a staple of childhood interests, especially for young girls. Girls are more interested in princesses than boys, mostlyRead More Jewish Population of Victorian England Essay856 Words   |  4 Pagesconverged to form the image of the pariah--an outcast from society, a being separate from other beings (Naman 31). With the Church backing the discrimination of the Jewish population, the stereotypes continued and increased the unfavorable views Anglicans held for this separate religion. As a result of this, Jews have been the social pariahs in cities such as London. Due to their occupation, lack of roots, and by living outside mainstream society, the Jewish population has become censored by the neighborsRead MoreThink Of A Beautiful, Ten-Year-Old Girl Standing In The1281 Words   |  6 PagesThink of a beautiful, ten-year-old girl standing in the mirror, clutching her stomach and tears rolling down her cheeks because she is being teased for not being as skinny as the other girls in her class. She looks at the models on TV and envies their skinniness. She wants to look just like them. At ten years old, she starts running after dinner and not eating as much as she use to eat. That beautiful little girl is just like every woman all over the world; she is pressured to by the media to haveRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Technology1627 Words   |  7 Pagesand engage yourself in this world that you have created. Integrated computers can benefit our daily lives, because it allows us to resurface old information that was part of the old conversation allowing a more personal conversation. The downside of this is that it could also resurface old fights that you might have had. All of these positives or negatives can be seen in Black Mirror, Her, Our Computers Ourselves, and Crispr Radiolab. The positive impact that technology plays on our lives is thatRead MoreEquality And Diversity In Kurt Vonneguts Harrison Bergeron1263 Words   |  6 PagesIn an ideally progressive America, society should value both equality and diversity. Equality is justice. Diversity is individuality. Equality gives rights. Diversity enriches culture. Unfortunately, we do not live in an ideally progressive America. As equality in our society has increased, we have viewed it as progress. However, diversity has often been a source of conflict in our society. Jealousy, confusion, anger, and so many negative emotions have arisen from our differences and slowed the progressRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Being Narcissistic1430 Words   |  6 Pagesreceived extremely well by audiences. The question that arises from this is why do we find insubordination and a lack of regard for rules and the opinions of others so intriguing? We know their actions are wrong in regard to how we conduct ourselves in soc iety, but we still are fond of characters who don’t care about social norms or their behavior. A prime example of a character in a popular television series who transcends these characteristics would be Doctor Gregory House from the show â€Å"House MD†. Audiences

Homosexuality Is A Way Of Living Life - 1911 Words

Homosexuality is one the most controversial topics societies have faced and continue to face. The beliefs of many people around the world about the nature of homosexuality, go into two patterns called choice and gene. Is homosexuality a choice or a gene? Are we born the way we are? Or are we shaped by the environmental factors while we grow up? The origin of homosexuality has been discussed intensively around the world. Gay is a sexual orientation, but the fact of acting on it is a choice. However, every person has their own views regarding this concept throughout time. Some people believe that homosexuality is a way of living life that people choose. On the other hand, some say that homosexuality is a gene or even worse a disease. The hypotheses that homosexuality is a disease that can and need to be cured has been supported by multiple people around the world. Throughout history, research, doctors and philosophers have spent time debating about the origin of homosexuality. Edmund Bergler was one of them, an Austrian-born American psychoanalyst whose book covered such topics as childhood development, mid-life crises and human behavior in general. He was the most important theorist of homosexuality in the 1950s. In 1951, Bergler wrote† Homosexuality: Disease or Way of life† to deeply explore the origin of homosexuality. In the book, he argues that homosexuality is a disease and not a choice, an argument that I do not accept. According to him, homosexuals are a smallShow MoreRelatedShould Homosexuals Be Stopped?822 Words   |  3 Pagesis no exact definition of homosexuality, but what we are sure of that it is not a physical defect, it is not a mental illness and it’s not a demonic act of possession. Homosexuality means that two people male/female from the same sex or sexually attracted to each other this could also be called same sex attraction. Some people experience same sex attraction or homosexuality, they have this feeling that they a re different from others, some people say they have felt that way since a very early age soRead MoreWhy Homosexuality Is Not Just An Issue960 Words   |  4 Pagesto be Loved-Why Homosexuality is not Just an Issue, Preston Sprinkle goes into an in depth discussion about homosexuality and how it is not just about being an issue and sin, homosexuality is about the treatment of the people. The tone of this book is conversational, making the understanding of the issues at hand much easier to comprehend. Summary. In People to be Loved, Sprinkle wrestles with the ideas of homosexuality in the Bible, as well as, reflecting us back to real life stories of peopleRead More Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Issues - Homosexuality and the Media1555 Words   |  7 PagesHomosexuality and the Media      Ã‚  Ã‚   There are many different aspects of life that Americans are exposed to on television each day. Some examples are things such as violence, sex and alcohol and in todays more accepting society, the issue of alternative lifestyles. This issue was not as predominant ten years ago as it is today. Yes, for many years there have been sexual undertones in many popular television shows or movies, but it was not until recently that these actors and actresses were actuallyRead MoreUgandan Laws on Homosexuality744 Words   |  3 PagesThe phenomenon of homosexuality has always been a controversy to almost every culture and society. Throughout history, various positions regarding homosexuality have been taken, some oppose homosexuality and some are with homosexuality and have their own reasons. According to John Bancroft, graduate sexologist of Cambridge University and Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at (IUSM) Indiana University School of Medicine, of 42 cultures, 41 % are strongly against homosexuality and 33% ignored the conceptRead MoreThe Picture Of Dorian Gray1680 Words   |  7 Pageswrote his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray, which follows the life of a young man living in late nineteenth-century London. The novel shares a similar storyline with that of Wilde’s life, as Wilde wrote it in attempt to justify his homosexuality. The protagonist of the novel, Dorian Gray, enters the story an innocent man, but eventually becomes corrupt due to his need for instant pleasure. Wilde recognizes that the topic of his homosexuality brings up the importance of challenging society, but he usesRead MoreUgandas Anti-gay Laws Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagessevere as life in prison or death sentence. The U.S. should step in and act as an International police force before things get too out of hand because nobody should be put to death or spend lifetime in prison for being who they are. Uganda began to see gay rights as a problem. Yoweri Museveni, the president of Uganda, is disgusted with the outbreak of homosexuality in his country and he wants LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender) extinguished. Museveni believes that homosexuality was â€Å"provokedRead MoreHomosexuality Is Not a Psychological Disorder Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesHomosexuality is not a psychological disorder†¦ In the past, homosexuality was considered to be a psychological disorder, up until the APA removed it from its list of mental illnesses. This was due to the fact that homosexuality causes no form of impairment on the individual’s judgment, stability, reliability, or general social and or vocational abilities. This decision made over 30 years ago, has caused a lot of criticism, many believe that the APA’s decision was made due to the amount of influenceRead MoreHomosexuality As A Psychological Disorder1511 Words   |  7 PagesThe social argument for homosexuality dates back to the ancient Greeks. Aristophanes, in his Symposium investigates homosexuality, although not termed as such, as a desire by men to share a long-term fulfillment of the soul. He believed that two souls are longing to be together, and the sexual desire alone is not strong enough to create homosexuality, but that the cultural environment allows or forbids the relationship to occur (Heffner, 2003). Th e debate about homosexuality dates back further thanRead MoreThe Oppression Of Opposite Sex Sexuality And Relationships860 Words   |  4 Pagesheterosexuals is the normal and those who do not fit into this category are shunned. Throughout history, â€Å"homosexuality and bisexuality have been called many things; from sin, sickness, and crime, to orientation, identity and even a gift from God.† (372). Labels and judgments are justifications for society to marginalize people due to their sexuality. Our society tends to look for ways to justify homosexuality by looking for â€Å"deficiencies† through â€Å"medical or psychological terms† (373). Language is anotherRead MoreHomosexuality Is Defined As Sexual Desire Or Behavior936 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Homosexuality hasn’t been discovered recently. It has been common in our world since ancient times and still exists today.† (K.J .Dover,n.d.). It’s in the nature of an individual to be a hom osexual, something that cannot be changed no matter how much you persuade or force them. People have different attitudes towards homosexuality; some are tolerant about it while others can’t stand the mere fact to see them around. This essay is going to define and briefly discuss homosexuality and how our society

Trends in Indian Rainfall Free Essays

string(48) " in annual rainfall is mostly the same \(11%\)\." National Climate Centre Research Report No: 2/2006 Trends in the rainfall pattern over India P. Guhathakurta and M. Rajeevan National Climate Centre India Meteorological Department PUNE. We will write a custom essay sample on Trends in Indian Rainfall or any similar topic only for you Order Now INDIA 411005 ncc@imdpune. gov. in Abstract Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall time series of 36 meteorological sub-divisions of India were constructed using a fixed but a large network of about 1476 rain-gauge stations. These rainfall series are thus temporally as well as spatially homogenous. Trend analysis was carried out to examine the long-term trends in rainfall over different sub divisions. Also monthly contributions of each of the monsoon months to annual rainfall in each year were computed and the trend analysis was performed. It has been found that the contribution of June, July and September rainfall to annual rainfall is decreasing for few sub-divisions while contribution of August rainfall is increasing in few other subdivisions. 1 1. Introduction In the context of climate change, it is pertinent to ascertain whether the characteristics of Indian summer monsoon also is changing. The Indian summer monsoon (June to September) rainfall is very crucial for the economic development, disaster management, hydrological planning for the country. Earlier, Mooley and Parthasarathy (1984), Parthasarathy et al. (1993), Parthasarathy et al. (1994), constructed all India rainfall series based on 306 uniformly distributed stations. They have also used area weighted method to calculate all India rainfall using rainfall data of the 306 districts outside the hilly regions like Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Hills of west Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh, Bay Islands and Arabian Sea Island. Presently this time series is updated by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune (www. tropmet. res. in) and this rainfall time series was extensively used by many researchers. At present there are more than 500 districts in the country. Using only 306 raingauge stations, it may not be possible to represent all the districts and prepare district-wise rainfall climatology. All the districts are having geographical area more than 100 square km (except Andaman and Nicobar Islands). Only one station in the district may not produce reliable district rainfall climatology as rainfall is highly variable (WMO, 1983). Spatial homogeneity cannot be achieved with one or two stations in a district. Long term trends of Indian monsoon rainfall for the country as a whole as well as for smaller regions have been studied by several researchers. Most of the studies are based on the rainfall series constructed by Parthasarathy et al. (1994). They have found that the monsoon rainfall is without any trend and mainly random in nature over a long period of time, particularly on the all India time scale (Mooley and Parthasarathy, 1984). But on the spatial scale, existence of trends was noticed by Parthasarathy (1984) and Rupa Kumar et al. (1992). Parthasarathy (1984) found that the monsoon rainfall for the two subdivisions viz. sub-Himalayan West Bengal Sikkim and the Bihar Plains are having decreasing trends while for the four sub- 2 divisions viz. Punjab, Konkan Goa, West Madhya Pradesh and Telangana are having increasing trends. Using the network of 306 stations and for the period 18711984, Rupa Kumar et al. (1992) identified the areas having decreasing and increasing trends of monsoon rainfall. The past performances of the monsoon rainfall may give an indication of the future scenario. But in order to do so we should also understand the climatology in a better way. The construction of a homogeneous rainfall data series (spatially as well as temporally) was the first step in this study. India Meteorological Department (IMD) has a good network of rain gauge stations. From the vast data set archived at the National Data Centre, IMD, Pune, a network of 1476 rain-gauge stations was selected which have only 10% or less missing years of data. To construct a homogeneous data series for the complete data period of 1901-2003 missing period of the observatory data are replaced by the neighboring state rain-gauge data and vice versa. Fig. (a) shows the plot of the 1476 stations used for the study while Fig. 1 (b) show the plot of 306 stations used by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology for construction of homogeneous rainfall data (Parthasarathy 1984). Clearly, the network considered in this study is more uniformly spaced and temporally homogeneous, which can be used for analyzing the spatial and temporal variability in a better way. 2. Constructi on of homogeneous data series To prepare a homogenous rainfall time series, we have selected 1476 rain- gauge stations having maximum data availability during the period 1901-2003. Data for these stations are available for at least 90% of the years considered for this study (1901-2003). However, if some data was found missing for a particular station, the data gap was filled up by the rainfall data of a neighboring rain-gauge station. We have considered 458 districts for the present analysis. Each of these 458 districts of the country has two or more representing stations. First of all, the district rainfall is calculated as the arithmetic average of rainfall data of stations in the district. Thus, the rainfall data series was constructed as spatially and temporally homogeneous. Rainfall for the meteorological subdivisions (36) was calculated as the area weighted rainfall of the districts within the meteorological sub divisions. 3. Rainfall Over the country as a whole All India monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall series were constructed based on the area weighted rainfall of all the 36 meteorological subdivisions of the country. The results are given in Table 1. The mean, standard deviation and coefficient of variation are also given in the same Table. Mean (1901-2003) rainfall of July is 286. 5 mm, which is the highest and contributes 24. % of annual rainfall (1182. 8 mm). The August rainfall is slightly lower and it contributes 21. 2% of annual rainfall. June and September rainfall are almost similar and they contributes 13. 8 % and 14. 2 % of annual rainfall respectively. The mean south-west monsoon rainfall (877. 2 mm) contributes 74. 2 % of annual rainfall (1182. 8 mm). Contribution of pre-monsoon rainfall and post-monsoon rainfall in annual rainfall is mostly the same (11%). You read "Trends in Indian Rainfall" in category "Essay examples" Coefficient of variation is higher during the months of November, December, January and February. Fig. shows the comparison of the IITM southwest monsoon season (June-September) rainfall series with the rainfall series constructed in this study. The correlation coefficient between these two seri es is found to be very large, 0. 97. The mean seasonal rainfall of IITM series is 844. 5 mm whereas the men value of this time series is 877. 2 mm. The high mean value of the present series is because of the consideration all the 36 meteorological subdivisions, including hilly regions. The standard deviation and coefficient of variability for the IITM series are 81. mm and 9. 6% and the same for the present time series are 71. 0 mm, 8. 1% respectively. Coefficient of variation of the present time series is smaller compared to IITM time series. 4. Epochal patterns of Indian summer monsoon rainfall It is well known that Indian summer monsoon rainfall displays multi-decadal variations in which there is a clustering of wet or dry anomalies (Pant and Kumar, 1997). To examine the epochs of above and below normal rainfall, 31-year running means of Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) was calculated to isolate low 4 requency behavior. These epochs of above and below normal rainfall are sho wn in Figure 4. Rainfall was above normal for nearly forty years from 1930s to 1960s. To understand the epochal behavior of rainfall series for different monsoon months, we have also calculated 31-year running means of each of the monsoon months (Figure 5). It is seen that epochal behavior of July and September rainfall is almost similar to that of monsoon seasonal rainfall. In August, the above normal or positive phases started from the middle of 1950s and continued till to the end. Both June and August rainfall are in positive phase in the recent decades while July and September rainfall are in the negative phase. Fig. 6 shows the decadal means of all India summer monsoon rainfall anomalies. The alternating sequence of multi-decadal periods having frequent droughts and flood years are clearly noticed in Fig. 6. We can delineate (i) 1901-1930 dry period (ii) 1931-60 wet period (iii) 1961-90 Dry period (iv) 1991-2020 (possibly) Wet period. Earlier studies by Pant and Kumar(1997) using the data series of Parthasarathy et al. 1994) also found the similar results of 30 years of alternating sequences of dry and wet period. The Table 2 shows the decadal mean, frequencies of drought and flood years. The deficient or excess monsoon years are defined for those years where monsoon rainfall percentage departures from the mean rainfall are less or more than the standard deviation (8. 1% of mean). In the decade 1911-20, there were four deficient and three excess years. Durin g the dry period of 1901-30, we had eight deficient years and three excess years. During the next three decades of wet period, we had three deficient years and five excess years. In the dry period of 1961-90, there were seven deficient years and four excess years. Also during the period of 1901-2003, number of deficient years (19) is more than the number of excess years (13). Fig. 7 shows a similar picture for each of the four monsoon months. Except for the decade 1921-30, behavior of July rainfall was almost similar to that of monsoon seasonal rainfall. During the decade 1921-30, in spite of high contribution from July, seasonal rainfall became negative because of high negative contribution of June and August rainfall. Decadal variability is more in June where alternating equence of wet and dry periods are seen on almost every decade. Coefficient of variability of July (12. 3%) and August (12. 0%) rainfall are also less compared to June (18. 1%) and September (19. 1%) rainfall. 5 5. Trends in All India monsoon rainfall Fig. 8 shows the All India monsoon seasonal rainfall series as percentage departure from long period average. The series was subjected to a à ¢â‚¬Ëœlow- pass filter’ in order to suppress the high frequency oscillations. The weights used were nine point Gaussian probability curve (0. 01, 0. 05, 0. 12, 0. 20, 0. 24, 0. 20, 0. 12, 0. 5, 0. 01). It is clearly seen that no linear trend exists in this series. We have also used linear regression technique and the ‘Students t’ test for testing if there is any significance in the trend. All India summer monsoon rainfall as well the rainfall during the four monsoon months do not show any significant trend. 6. Trends in Sub-divisional rainfall It is interesting to see that for the country as a whole, the all India monsoon rainfall and monthly rainfall for the monsoon months do not show any significant trend. But there can be large variations in the regional scale. In order to study the secular variations of regional rainfall we have then carried out the trend analysis for the monthly rainfall series of June, July, August, and September and also for the season as a whole for all the 36 subdivisions. The results are shown in Fig 9, which shows significant and remarkable variations on the regional scale. We have analyzed July and August rainfall, which contributes major portion of monsoon seasonal rainfall. We find in July, six subdivisions have shown decreasing trends and eight subdivisions have increasing trends. In August, four (ten) subdivisions have decreasing (increasing) trends for August rainfall. We have considered all the cases of 99%, 95% and 90% levels of statistical significance. June rainfall has shown increasing trend for the western and southwestern parts of the country whereas decreasing trends are observed for the central and eastern parts of the country. But July rainfall has decreased for most parts of the central and peninsular India but increased significantly in the northeastern parts of the country. August rainfall has increased significantly (at 95% significance level) for the subdivisions Konkan Goa, Marathwada, Madhya Maharashtra, Vidarbha, West M. P. , Telangana and west U. P. September rainfall is increasing significantly (at 95% level of significance) in Gangetic West Bengal and decreasing significantly (at 90% level of significance) for 6 the sub-divisions Marathwada, Vidarbha and Telangana. Fig. 10 shows the trends in southwest monsoon rainfall (in mm in 100 year) for each of the 36 subdivisions. Different levels of significance are shaded with colours. During the season, three subdivisions viz. Jharkhand (95%), Chattisgarh (99%), Kerala (90%) show significant decreasing trends and eight subdivisions viz. Gangetic WB (90%), West UP (90%), Jammu Kashmir (90%), Konkan Goa (95%), Madhya Maharashtra (90%), Rayalseema (90%), Coastal A P (90%) and North Interior Karnataka (95%) show significant increasing trends. In order to examine further, whether the contribution of each month’s rainfall in the annual rainfall shows any significant trend, we have prepared a time series of contribution of rainfall for each month towards the annual total rainfall for each year in percentages. Trend analyses are carried out for each month and for all the 36 subdivisions. Results suggest that contribution of June and August rainfall exhibited significant increasing trends, while contribution of July rainfall exhibited decreasing trends. Fig. 11 shows some very interesting results. June rainfall is getting importance as its contribution to annual rainfall is increasing in almost 19 subdivisions while decreasing in the remaining 17 subdivisions. Contribution of July rainfall is decreasing in central and west peninsular India (significantly in South interior Karnataka (95%), East M. P. (90%) Vidarbha (90%), Madhya Maharashtra (90%), Marathwada (90%), Konkan Goa (90%), and North interior Karnataka (90%)). Interestingly, contribution of August rainfall is increasing in all these subdivisions. Therefore, we see a major shift in rainfall pattern spatially and temperally during the recent years. 7. Trends in sub-divisional rainfall during other seasons Though south-west monsoon is the major rain producing season over the country, other seasons have also significant contribution in some specific areas. The rainfall during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons are mostly predominant by western disturbances and convective activities whereas during northeast monsoon is predominant over southern states during the October-December period. Therefore, trends analysis was also carried out on sub-divisional rainfall series for the winter 7 season (January – February), pre-monsoon season (March-May), post-monsoon season (October-December) and also for the annual rainfall. Fig. 12 shows the increase/decrease in mm in 100 year in each of 36 subdivisions for the winter, premonsoon, post-monsoon seasons and annual. Different levels of significance are shaded with different colours. Rainfall is decreasing in almost all the sub-divisions except for the sub-divisions Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand and Nagaland, Manipur, Mizoram Tripura during the winter season. The rainfall for the subdivisions viz. east Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, east Madhya Pradesh where winter rainfall is mostly due to western disturbances is also decreasing significantly. Rainfall is decreasing significantly for the eighteen sub-divisions of the country during the winter season. During the pre-monsoon season, rainfall is decreasing over most parts of the central India. This may indirectly suggests that the convective activity which is the main cause for the rainfall activities during the pre-monsoon season is decreasing over the central parts of the country. Rainfall is decreasing significantly for the six subdivisions viz. Gujarat Region, west M. P. , east M. P. , Vidarbha, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand. However during the post-monsoon season, rainfall is increasing for almost all the sub-divisions except for the nine sub-divisions. It is increasing significantly for the sub-divisions viz. Saurashtra Kutch, Marathwada and Rayalseema. For the sub-divisions Chattisgarh, Jharkhand and Kerala significant decrease in rainfall is even observed in annual scale. Significant increasing trend is observed in the annual scale for the sub-divisions Konkan Goa, Madhya Maharashtra, North Interior Karnataka, Rayalseema, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Gangetic West Bengal, Assam Meghalaya and Jammu Kashmir. 8. Conclusions There was a need for development of a homogeneous (spatially and temporally) rainfall series for all the 36 meteorological subdivisions as well as for the country as a whole. The newly constructed rainfall series is uniformly distributed through out the country and it represents all the existing districts. Though Indian monsoon rainfall as a whole does not show any significant trend, significant rainfall trends are observed over some specific areas. Present study brings out some of the interesting and also significant changes in the rainfall pattern of the country. The 8 alternating sequence of multi-decadal periods of thirty years having frequent droughts and flood years are observed in the all India monsoon rainfall data. The decades 1961-70, 1971-80 and 1981-90 were dry periods. The first decade (19912000) in the next 30 years period already experienced wet period (Fig. 6). Therefore, there is a chance of wet period for the subsequent two decades viz. 2001-2010 and 2011-2020. Decadal variability is more for the June and September months while decadal variability of July rainfall is almost similar to that of monsoon rainfall. July rainfall is decreasing for most parts of central India while it is decreasing for the north eastern parts of the country. However June and August rainfall is increasing for the central and south western parts of the country. During the southwest monsoon season, three subdivisions viz. Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Kerala show significant decreasing trend and eight subdivisions viz. Gangetic WB, West UP, Jammu Kashmir , Konkan Goa , Madhya Maharashtra, Rayalseema , Coastal A P and North Interior Karnataka show significant increasing trends. For the first time, we have also studied contribution of each of major rain producing month’s (i. e. June, July, August and September) in annual rainfall and examine whether there is any significant change in their contribution. June rainfall is getting importance as its contribution to annual rainfall is increasing in almost 19 sub-divisions while decreasing in the remaining 17 subdivisions. Contribution of July rainfall is decreasing in central and west peninsular India. But contribution of August rainfall is increasing in all these areas. Significant increasing trend is also observed in the annual rainfall for the sub-divisions Konkan Goa, Madhya Maharashtra, North Interior Karnataka, Rayalseema, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Gangetic West Bengal, Assam Meghalaya and Jammu Kashmir. Acknowledgements: The authors are thankful to Dr (Mrs) N. Jayanthi, LACD ADGM(R) and Shri Thakur Prasad, DDGM (C) for providing kind support and encouragements for this research work. We also acknowledge the help provided by the staff of the Hydrology section. Note : Electronic version of the all India monthly rainfall shown in Table – 1 can be obtained from National Climate Centre (ncc@imd. pune. gov. in) 9 References Pant, G. B. Rupa Kumar, K. , 1997, Climates of South Asia. John Wiley Sons, Chichester, 320 pp. Parthasarathy B, 1984, Inter-annual and long term variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall’, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet. Sci. ), 93, 371-385. Parthasarathy B, Rupa Kumar K and Munot A 1993 Homogeneous Indian monsoon rainfall: variability and prediction; Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth Planet Science) 102 121-155. Parthasarathy, B. , Munot A and Kothawale D R 1994: All-India monthly and seasonal rainfall series 1887-1993; Theoretical and Applied Climatology 49 217-224. Rupa Kumar, K. , Pant G. B. , Parthasarathy, B. and Sontakke, N. A. 1992, Spatial and sub-seasonal patterns of the long-term trends of Indian summer monsoon rainfall, Int. J. of Climatol. , 12, 257-268. Mooley, D. A. Parthasarathy, B. , 1984: Fluctuations in All-India summer monsoon rainfall during 1871-1978. Climatic Change, 6, 287-301. World Meteorological Organization, 1983, Guide to Climatological Practices, WMO No 100. 10 Table-1 All India monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall Rainfall in mm YEAR 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 JAN 34. 1 11. 4 18. 7 17. 5 24. 9 23. 0 15. 8 22. 2 25. 7 16. 2 41. 1 23. 4 8. 9 6. 4 22. 1 5. 8 9. 6 14. 1 50. 6 24. 9 39. 9 29. 4 26. 0 21. 3 14. 6 29. 4 14. 3 23. 2 28. 0 23. 6 13. 8 10. 0 17. 8 24. 8 30. 0 11. 8 7. 8 30. 8 14. 1 16. 0 25. 7 25. 0 54. 9 28. 5 34. 8 6. 9 23. 2 25. 6 13. 2 30. 2 15. FEB 40. 2 12. 4 14. 0 15. 6 26. 3 49. 2 48. 6 23. 0 21. 4 15. 2 11. 1 23. 7 41. 7 32. 8 42. 1 22. 3 35. 7 7. 1 24. 4 23. 6 10. 8 12. 5 42. 2 25. 7 13. 4 13. 2 34. 2 42. 5 22. 4 22. 2 33. 2 25. 1 32. 9 11. 4 21. 3 41. 5 53. 6 32. 6 33. 4 27. 9 17. 4 45. 1 12. 2 43. 0 10. 8 21. 5 21. 0 29. 0 29. 7 25. 0 15. 3 MAR 29. 6 28. 6 35. 8 38. 5 45. 1 39. 1 46. 7 21. 5 19. 3 22. 5 52. 9 27. 5 31. 0 33. 2 51. 8 17. 8 29. 7 39. 6 27. 6 49. 4 20. 0 18. 4 29. 0 20. 7 20. 9 59. 0 27. 6 25. 6 18. 4 27. 1 22. 2 26. 7 31. 0 22. 2 22. 7 41. 1 24. 6 28. 2 36. 5 45. 1 21. 2 19. 3 26. 7 59. 7 23. 2 26. 0 29. 1 42. 4 24. 4 37. 4 43. 1 APR 41. 9 48. 28. 8 38. 5 39. 5 25. 5 66. 8 38. 2 69. 4 35. 8 32. 4 43. 9 33. 4 50. 6 42. 8 36. 0 43. 2 41. 1 34. 9 36. 8 41. 1 32. 7 32. 4 35. 1 42. 3 42. 9 33. 5 39. 8 50. 4 47. 2 33. 6 32. 6 48. 7 36. 5 46. 9 32. 1 57. 9 31. 1 38. 3 32. 9 30. 7 45. 5 48. 6 37. 6 48. 0 48. 5 35. 4 40. 2 48. 0 26. 9 46. 2 MAY 59. 1 57. 3 66. 3 77. 2 62. 3 45. 6 41. 8 52. 5 59. 9 50. 6 52. 5 49. 7 77. 1 72. 5 62. 0 57. 6 80. 0 89. 4 60. 0 57. 5 40. 1 47. 4 55. 3 59. 7 86. 2 59. 6 54. 5 48. 6 55. 0 59. 8 56. 4 72. 1 98. 8 41. 5 36. 2 79. 4 53. 8 69. 4 39. 4 76. 0 69. 4 56. 1 86. 0 47. 6 50. 4 63. 5 47. 2 75. 2 78. 1 50. 2 58. 4 JUN 129. 4 123. 8 131. 169. 2 112. 1 185. 3 160. 9 135. 7 208. 1 213. 2 196. 8 115. 3 218. 8 166. 9 161. 8 215. 0 221. 3 181. 2 185. 7 151. 4 172. 5 184. 4 98. 6 121. 3 199. 2 95. 1 164. 5 158. 8 179. 0 172. 2 114. 5 125. 0 206. 9 197. 5 141. 9 241. 9 160. 2 245. 5 153. 7 170. 4 162. 2 172. 3 154. 6 138. 1 155. 7 201. 1 124. 0 153. 9 146. 7 142. 7 150. 3 JUL 252. 7 285. 6 298. 9 271. 9 263. 5 290. 7 236. 3 327. 0 314. 9 251. 3 174. 0 329. 3 278. 5 348. 6 232. 9 269. 8 267. 4 160. 9 294. 3 294. 2 274. 6 304. 1 321. 1 315. 0 297. 7 301. 8 333. 6 291. 3 292. 6 289. 1 294. 7 326. 7 275. 7 273. 5 312. 3 276. 2 329. 3 283. 5 262. 5 296. 0 234. 0 339. 305. 5 343. 4 315. 2 297. 4 294. 7 308. 3 298. 9 335. 5 251. 6 AUG 268. 6 209. 8 269. 3 216. 4 211. 3 252. 2 310. 9 308. 5 229. 0 285. 5 214. 6 262. 2 198. 3 239. 8 225. 8 302. 6 287. 3 231. 0 288. 6 177. 9 259. 9 214. 4 272. 2 249. 4 232. 2 326. 6 251. 9 216. 4 240. 9 196. 7 305. 5 227. 8 301. 9 290. 6 228. 1 228. 4 194. 9 239. 6 235. 6 282. 9 223. 4 286. 0 228. 3 288. 4 232. 9 286. 5 287. 4 275. 2 236. 8 235. 6 223. 9 SEP 137. 3 201. 1 195. 3 141. 6 175. 6 182. 5 104. 0 158. 8 165. 9 191. 6 181. 3 128. 8 117. 9 198. 2 175. 8 197. 4 277. 6 105. 2 152. 6 122. 3 193. 5 200. 6 167. 9 232. 9 123. 4 205. 5 152. 6 139. 1 122. 173. 5 186. 3 173. 8 211. 1 164. 4 178. 1 185. 4 174. 0 156. 2 150. 3 115. 1 148. 0 180. 4 203. 0 148. 1 210. 6 141. 6 234. 3 176. 5 217. 2 196. 7 130. 5 OCT 59. 5 69. 9 116. 1 73. 7 60. 2 55. 7 31. 8 46. 8 45. 2 111. 8 71. 0 61. 3 69. 6 52. 6 93. 8 140. 4 157. 1 23. 5 77. 1 47. 0 69. 3 56. 5 63. 0 63. 3 72. 2 54. 9 62. 8 115. 3 95. 8 93. 1 121. 7 68. 9 95. 9 62. 2 57. 1 64. 3 94. 5 75. 0 88. 9 62. 4 62. 9 44. 0 90. 5 90. 4 82. 4 79. 6 66. 9 63. 4 93. 2 56. 6 75. 4 NOV 37. 1 29. 3 39. 3 13. 4 12. 9 19. 2 24. 5 8. 9 12. 6 36. 1 43. 8 50. 3 18. 7 22. 3 47. 6 45. 5 27. 4 44. 7 50. 4 26. 5 16. 8 55. 2 17. 7 54. 6 42. 4 11. 8 56. 23. 4 19. 6 47. 7 41. 2 55. 7 21. 3 29. 5 17. 3 56. 2 21. 9 16. 1 29. 7 41. 4 27. 6 18. 2 18. 1 30. 3 21. 2 76. 9 9. 8 70. 0 12. 6 25. 4 31. 7 DEC 14. 0 27. 3 22. 6 19. 7 14. 2 29. 8 16. 6 12. 6 31. 4 9. 5 14. 8 8. 5 25. 1 23. 2 11. 2 5. 8 13. 4 18. 7 22. 5 6. 2 19. 3 16. 5 18. 3 18. 7 18. 4 11. 7 13. 7 29. 1 39. 7 12. 6 23. 8 17. 2 19. 1 14. 7 12. 9 22. 6 21. 0 7. 9 4. 5 18. 0 21. 5 29. 2 8. 5 17. 9 7. 8 39. 4 26. 4 12. 6 5. 7 10. 6 8. 7 J-F 74. 3 23. 8 32. 7 33. 1 51. 2 72. 2 64. 4 45. 2 47. 1 31. 4 52. 2 47. 1 50. 6 39. 2 64. 2 28. 1 45. 3 21. 2 75. 0 48. 5 50. 7 41. 9 68. 2 47. 0 28. 0 42. 6 48. 5 65. 7 50. 4 45. 8 47. 35. 1 50. 7 36. 2 51. 3 53. 3 61. 4 63. 4 47. 5 43. 9 43. 1 70. 1 67. 1 71. 5 45. 6 28. 4 44. 2 54. 6 42. 9 55. 2 31. 2 MAM 130. 6 134. 0 130. 9 154. 2 146. 9 110. 2 155. 3 112. 2 148. 6 108. 9 137. 8 121. 1 141. 5 156. 3 156. 6 111. 4 152. 9 170. 1 122. 5 143. 7 101. 2 98. 5 116. 7 115. 5 149. 4 161. 5 115. 6 114. 0 123. 8 134. 1 112. 2 131. 4 178. 5 100. 2 105. 8 152. 6 136. 3 128. 7 114. 2 154. 0 121. 3 120. 9 161. 3 144. 9 121. 6 138. 0 111. 7 157. 8 150. 5 114. 5 147. 7 J-S 788. 0 820. 3 894. 9 799. 1 762. 5 910. 7 812. 1 930. 0 917. 9 941. 6 766. 7 835. 6 81 3. 5 953. 5 796. 3 984. 8 1053. 6 678. 3 921. 2 745. 8 900. 903. 5 859. 8 918. 6 852. 5 929. 0 902. 6 805. 6 835. 4 831. 5 901. 0 853. 3 995. 6 926. 0 860. 4 931. 9 858. 4 924. 8 802. 1 864. 4 767. 6 978. 2 891. 4 918. 0 914. 4 926. 6 940. 4 913. 9 899. 6 910. 5 756. 3 O-D 110. 6 126. 5 178. 0 106. 8 87. 3 104. 7 72. 9 68. 3 89. 2 157. 4 129. 6 120. 1 113. 4 98. 1 152. 6 191. 7 197. 9 86. 9 150. 0 79. 7 105. 4 128. 2 99. 0 136. 6 133. 0 78. 4 133. 4 167. 8 155. 1 153. 4 186. 7 141. 8 136. 3 106. 4 87. 3 143. 1 137. 4 99. 0 123. 1 121. 8 112. 0 91. 4 117. 1 138. 6 111. 4 195. 9 103. 1 146. 0 111. 5 92. 6 115. 8 ANNUAL 1103. 5 1104. 6 1236. 5 1093. 2 1047. 9 1197. 8 1104. 7 1155. 1202. 8 1239. 3 1086. 3 1123. 9 1119. 0 1247. 1 1169. 7 1316. 0 1449. 7 956. 5 1268. 7 1017. 7 1157. 8 1172. 1 1143. 7 1217. 7 1162. 9 1211. 5 1200. 1 1153. 1 1164. 7 1164. 8 1246. 9 1161. 6 1361. 1 1168. 8 1104. 8 1280. 9 1193. 5 1215. 9 1086. 9 1184. 1 1044. 0 1260. 6 1236. 9 1273. 0 1193. 0 1288. 9 1199. 4 1272. 3 1204. 5 1172. 8 1051. 0 11 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 Mean (1901-2003) S. D. C. V. 11. 0 26. 2 30. 4 23. 5 17. 5 32. 2 15. 1 28. 7 16. 3 24. 9 14. 9 13. 5 13. 2 13. 3 15. 7 12. 9 24. 3 12. 7 23. 2 17. 4 12. 4 15. 0 11. 7 17. 3 12. 7 17. 9 14. 8 20. 0 15. 0 26. 9 25. 9 18. 2 20. 4 23. 0 17. 8 17. 7 11. 0 15. 8 16. 8 14. 6 19. 2 18. 6 23. 9 27. 5 22. 3 16. 2 16. 9 20. 3 22. 0 11. 3 20. 4 15. 5 20. 3 8. 5 41. 8 22. 6 13. 9 36. 6 11. 1 16. 6 18. 8 20. 5 25. 1 9. 2 33. 9 24. 1 16. 2 19. 0 22. 9 23. 8 14. 1 21. 4 16. 4 27. 4 23. 1 25. 3 19. 4 14. 4 21. 3 22. 2 18. 4 28. 6 34. 7 21. 5 20. 3 25. 1 23. 5 31. 8 14. 4 34. 5 20. 4 24. 9 17. 8 42. 5 25. 7 23. 5 26. 9 25. 9 29. 0 22. 8 13. 0 33. 7 13. 6 26. 8 14. 20. 1 30. 9 24. 6 10. 0 40. 4 35. 1 24. 8 27. 9 29. 9 36. 7 41. 3 29. 8 30. 0 39. 7 27. 8 26. 3 38. 7 27. 9 34. 2 24. 8 55. 0 30. 5 26. 9 33. 3 26. 3 24. 8 27. 5 25. 0 32. 5 32. 3 27. 9 40. 7 34. 1 31. 7 45. 3 41. 1 38. 4 31. 0 30. 8 28. 5 29. 0 43. 8 32. 2 49. 5 29. 8 33. 9 40. 0 27. 3 28. 7 36. 5 33. 8 41. 9 18. 2 22. 9 23. 2 28. 5 32. 8 32. 0 9. 2 28. 8 37. 8 4 2. 4 30. 2 39. 5 37. 4 35. 3 39. 8 34. 1 28. 1 33. 5 47. 3 45. 6 38. 0 41. 6 34. 9 33. 1 37. 0 42. 5 37. 4 49. 0 37. 4 31. 9 35. 8 31. 5 39. 6 58. 3 32. 9 26. 9 38. 8 36. 1 50. 0 49. 7 42. 6 36. 6 48. 5 39. 4 45. 6 34. 4 43. 4 50. 9 32. 5 30. 7 47. 2 34. 5 35. 5 2. 9 41. 7 24. 2 43. 7 44. 2 42. 3 39. 0 39. 8 7. 9 19. 9 69. 9 48. 7 56. 3 77. 4 85. 8 62. 4 66. 9 68. 5 64. 3 73. 2 63. 6 58. 7 53. 6 50. 9 59. 8 48. 5 45. 6 66. 0 66. 1 73. 7 60. 4 61. 3 66. 2 54. 5 50. 4 81. 3 64. 1 56. 9 50. 6 60. 9 63. 3 63. 8 56. 3 54. 2 53. 9 64. 0 68. 3 56. 1 101. 7 73. 5 53. 9 67. 6 50. 9 77. 7 60. 9 51. 0 58. 9 81. 9 69. 9 61. 4 59. 7 55. 7 61. 9 12. 5 20. 2 168. 4 163. 3 148. 6 180. 3 208. 4 152. 3 123. 9 162. 6 152. 0 185. 8 123. 5 148. 8 152. 3 121. 0 169. 1 146. 3 146. 5 131. 8 195. 5 203. 3 137. 1 148. 5 126. 0 176. 1 157. 7 184. 3 187. 2 151. 1 212. 2 158. 9 139. 9 150. 3 164. 3 153. 0 174. 130. 1 159. 9 183. 3 180. 8 181. 8 141. 9 165. 7 199. 8 137. 4 170. 7 166. 7 162. 4 167. 3 178. 1 185. 6 161. 2 167. 8 163. 4 29. 5 18. 1 281. 8 312. 9 297. 7 241. 2 351. 3 288. 9 314. 5 345. 5 290. 6 329. 0 272. 9 254. 4 320. 6 279. 4 253. 1 296. 4 302. 4 305. 2 248. 8 260. 3 226. 3 284. 5 271. 6 295. 3 294. 1 305. 7 291. 4 244. 4 290. 4 303. 6 242. 7 279. 8 282. 1 270. 9 265. 7 237. 6 353. 4 308. 2 279. 0 281. 4 257. 9 314. 1 336. 3 301. 3 277. 0 284. 8 293. 1 274. 8 274. 5 275. 4 163. 9 305. 9 286. 7 35. 3 12. 3 249. 0 286. 0 237. 5 313. 9 259. 6 264. 9 285. 4 255. 5 244. 6 277. 3 257. 6 294. 9 273. 2 210. 1 229. 5 266. 214. 8 260. 6 300. 8 260. 3 234. 1 293. 4 240. 0 284. 8 292. 1 254. 9 277. 9 235. 1 263. 3 239. 3 274. 5 294. 4 260. 7 238. 7 235. 2 237. 1 285. 2 238. 1 292. 7 256. 0 269. 0 209. 8 278. 9 256. 1 283. 4 270. 5 253. 3 251. 0 240. 2 229. 8 244. 0 250. 1 255. 3 30. 6 12. 0 121. 9 169. 8 244. 5 217. 7 169. 0 130. 3 215. 0 219. 1 168. 6 228. 0 207. 0 163. 2 198. 4 145. 5 151. 7 176. 8 144. 3 179. 6 203. 3 159. 2 138. 9 182. 7 155. 8 224. 1 150. 2 152. 2 160. 4 146. 4 1 44. 8 193. 5 135. 5 224. 4 149. 7 157. 6 142. 0 152. 0 214. 0 170. 2 195. 2 135. 6 169. 2 200. 6 153. 3 183. 8 147. 0 163. 0 195. 5 191. 5 154. 3 138. 3 173. 0 181. 171. 8 32. 8 19. 1 76. 7 88. 5 81. 6 145. 9 149. 7 66. 4 103. 9 118. 6 75. 3 116. 7 80. 8 93. 0 68. 5 45. 3 62. 1 52. 0 73. 2 63. 5 75. 2 95. 5 70. 8 106. 2 101. 1 109. 8 39. 0 88. 7 62. 7 63. 5 56. 3 53. 8 60. 3 85. 1 69. 1 115. 0 72. 0 88. 4 57. 1 54. 2 99. 9 63. 9 69. 0 87. 8 87. 6 76. 3 98. 8 68. 1 102. 1 106. 5 60. 7 95. 0 69. 8 93. 8 78. 4 24. 8 31. 6 9. 4 14. 1 5. 6 28. 4 42. 8 27. 2 35. 4 25. 4 34. 8 22. 9 19. 9 25. 9 26. 4 18. 7 49. 4 14. 8 23. 4 35. 5 20. 0 16. 1 31. 3 17. 8 14. 4 23. 8 53. 5 61. 8 44. 5 71. 8 26. 0 29. 1 43. 9 14. 0 18. 2 20. 9 43. 9 45. 2 17. 9 20. 6 32. 2 33. 7 42. 3 29. 0 26. 8 35. 7 16. 5 56. 38. 9 23. 2 20. 6 26. 7 27. 0 26. 0 30. 7 15. 1 49. 3 24. 5 9. 8 16. 9 12. 9 15. 8 16. 3 18. 7 11. 6 12. 6 13. 6 31. 5 19. 1 14. 8 25. 4 18. 4 46. 1 14. 6 17. 5 10. 0 18. 1 23. 8 19. 3 11. 9 9. 8 13. 0 15. 1 24. 6 16. 4 23. 4 16. 8 15. 0 24. 1 16. 9 22. 5 25. 9 21. 3 17. 0 18. 1 25. 2 22. 0 7. 6 18. 6 19. 1 10. 6 18. 6 45. 1 12. 5 8. 5 11. 5 11. 8 12. 0 20. 7 17. 9 7. 9 44. 0 33. 6 40. 1 67. 0 34. 6 34. 1 51. 0 35. 6 53. 8 25. 5 58. 8 39. 0 29. 7 32. 2 36. 2 39. 5 27. 0 45. 7 29. 1 50. 6 40. 5 37. 7 34. 4 26. 1 38. 6 34. 9 36. 3 43. 4 54. 7 36. 5 47. 2 51. 0 41. 7 52. 2 37. 4 52. 3 38. 1 35. 9 33. 6 59. 3 40. 3 42. 7 45. 49. 8 56. 5 45. 1 29. 2 50. 6 33. 9 48. 8 25. 4 40. 5 46. 4 44. 9 12. 3 27. 3 142. 8 115. 9 114. 4 146. 8 159. 9 139. 0 136. 5 132. 6 132. 1 134. 5 137. 2 143. 0 119. 5 126. 7 119. 5 136. 6 113. 1 135. 4 136. 8 149. 0 122. 6 120. 7 127. 0 118. 5 122. 3 167. 5 137. 7 117. 9 121. 1 142. 3 154. 4 151. 9 129. 9 121. 6 130. 9 132. 4 157. 7 122. 7 194. 6 154. 2 120. 3 138. 3 125. 4 140. 9 132. 9 127. 7 142. 5 124. 3 136. 5 128. 8 130. 5 127. 5 133. 7 17. 7 13. 2 821. 1 932. 0 928. 3 953. 1 988. 3 836. 4 938. 8 982. 7 855. 8 1020. 1 861. 0 861. 3 944. 5 756. 0 803. 4 8 85. 8 808. 0 877. 2 948. 4 883. 1 736. 4 909. 1 793. 4 980. 894. 1 897. 1 916. 9 777. 0 910. 7 895. 3 792. 6 948. 9 856. 8 820. 2 817. 0 756. 8 1012. 5 899. 8 947. 7 854. 8 838. 0 890. 2 968. 3 878. 6 878. 1 885. 0 904. 3 884. 6 847. 1 829. 1 742. 2 905. 7 877. 2 71. 0 8. 1 110. 6 112. 4 104. 1 187. 2 208. 3 109. 9 158. 0 155. 6 122. 7 153. 2 132. 2 138. 0 109. 7 89. 4 129. 9 112. 9 111. 2 116. 5 105. 2 129. 7 125. 9 143. 3 127. 4 143. 4 105. 5 165. 6 131. 8 151. 7 105. 7 99. 7 119. 2 123. 2 104. 2 158. 4 141. 8 154. 9 92. 0 92. 9 157. 3 119. 6 118. 9 135. 4 133. 5 122. 6 133. 9 169. 9 153. 5 138. 2 92. 8 133. 5 108. 8 140. 5 126. 9 28. 8 22. 7 1108. 1 1200. 4 1213. 8 1321. 7 1390. 1136. 3 1268. 9 1324. 7 1136. 1 1366. 6 1169. 4 1172. 0 1205. 9 1008. 3 1092. 3 1162. 3 1078. 0 1158. 2 1241. 0 1202. 3 1022. 6 1207. 5 1073. 9 1280. 8 1156. 8 1266. 5 1229. 8 1101. 3 1174. 0 1184. 5 1117. 2 1265. 7 1143. 1 1137. 6 1142. 0 1082. 2 1298. 1 1149. 0 1358. 9 1168. 9 1119. 9 1209. 4 1277. 0 11 98. 6 1190. 0 1211. 8 1250. 9 1181. 0 1125. 2 1116. 8 1022. 0 1220. 1 1182. 8 87. 0 7. 4 12 Table-2 Decadal mean (% departure from normal), frequency of drought and flood years Decadal mean DECADE Per cent departure from normal 1901-10 1911-20 1921-30 1931-40 1941-50 1951-60 1961-70 1971-80 1981-90 1991-2000 2001-2003 -2. -2. 5 -0. 4 1. 7 3. 3 2. 5 -0. 1 -0. 8 -0. 3 0. 6 -5. 9 3 4 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 0 1 0 3 0 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 0 Freq. of Deficient year Freq. of Excess year 13 Fig. 1 Location of raingauge stations considered for the study 14 Fig. 2. Location of raingauge stations used by IITM (Parthasarathy et al. 1994) 15 R/F IN MM 0. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3. 5 -1 0 1 2 3 -0. 5 -1. 5 1000 1100 -2 500 600 700 800 900 1901 1904 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 YEAR 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 IITM(Parthosarothy Series) series and the new IMD series Fig. 3. Comparison between IITM South-West monsoon seasonal rainfall Fig. 4. The 31 year moving averages of all India south-west monsoon seasonal rainfall 16 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 IMD series 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE -4 0 1 2 3 4 1901 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE 6 8 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 3 -2 -1 1991-2000 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 YEAR 2001-03 1901-10 -8. 0 31 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA AUGUST RAINFALL 1981-90 -6. 0 YEAR 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 1971-80 -4. 0 -2. 0 1961-70 1951-60 1941-50 1931-40 1921-30 1911-20 31 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA JUNE RAINFAL DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA SUMMER MONSOON RAINFALL (% DE PARTURE FROM MEAN) (June, July, August, September) Fig. 5. 31 year moving average of all India rainfall for the four monsoon months Fig 6. Decadal means of all India summer monsoon rainfall (% departure from mean) 17 -4 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 YEAR 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 -3 -2 -1 0 PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE PERCENTAG E DEPAR TURE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 -3 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 YEAR 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 31 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA JULY RAINFALL 1 YEAR MOVING AVERAGE ALL INDIA SEPTEMBER RAINFALL June DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA JUNE RAINFALL (% DEPARTURE FROM MEAN) -8. 0 1901-10 1911-20 1911-20 1921-30 1921-30 1931-40 1931-40 DECADE -6. 0 -4. 0 -2. 0 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 6. 0 8. 0 10. 0 12. 0 -15. 0 1901-10 July DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA JULY RAINFALL (%DEPARTURE FROM MEAN) -10. 0 -5. 0 0. 0 5. 0 10. 0 1941-50 1941-50 Decade DECADE 1951-60 1951-60 1961-70 1961-70 1971-80 1971-80 1981-90 1981-90 1991-2000 1991-2000 2001-03 2001-03 August DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA AUGUST RAINFALL (% DEPARTURER FROM MEAN) -8. 1901-10 -6. 0 -4. 0 -2. 0 0. 0 2. 0 4. 0 6. 0 -10. 0 1901-10 -5. 0 0. 0 Septermber DECADAL MEANS OF ALL INDIA SEPTEMBER RAINFALL (%DEPARTURE FROM MEAN) 5. 0 10. 0 15. 0 20. 0 1911-20 1911-20 1921-30 1921-30 1931-40 DECADE 1931-40 1941-50 1941-50 1951-60 1951-60 1961-70 1961-70 1971-80 1971-80 1981-90 1981-90 1991-2000 1991-2000 2001-03 2001-03 Fig. 7. Decadal means of all India rainfall (% departure from mean) for the month of June, July, August and September 25. 0 20. 0 15. 0 10. 0 5. 0 0. 0 -5. 0 -10. 0 -15. 0 ALL INDIA MONSOON R. F -20. 0 -25. 1901 1904 1907 1910 1913 1916 1919 1922 1925 1928 1931 1934 1937 1940 1943 1946 1949 1952 1955 1958 1961 1964 1967 1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 Nine point gaussian filter PERCENTAGE DEPARTURE YEAR Fig. 8. All India Monsoon rainfall and its nine poin t Gaussian filter 18 Fig. 9. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in mm in 100 year for each of 36 subdivisions for the monsoon months. Different levels of significance are shaded with colors 19 Fig. 10. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in mm in 100 year for each of 36 subdivisions for the south-west monsoon season. Different levels of significance are shaded with colors 20 Fig. 11. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in percentage in 100 years in monthly contribution of rainfall to annual rainfall for each of the four monsoon months for 36 subdivisions 21 Fig. 12. Increase/Decrease in rainfall in mm in 100 year in each of 36 subdivisions for the winter, pre-monsoon, post-monsoon seasons and annual. Different levels of significance are shaded with colors 22 N C C RESEARCH REPORTS New statistical models for long range forecasting of southwest monsoon rainfall over India, M. Rajeevan, D. S. Pai and Anil Kumar Rohilla, Sept. 2005. 23 How to cite Trends in Indian Rainfall, Essay examples

Marketing Managementand Evaluate Current Trends

Question: Discuss about the Marketing Managementand Evaluate Current Trends. Answer: Industry trends Growth The global growth rate of the company Coca Cola during 2016 is 2.5% (Coca-Cola, 2017). The growth rate of group earnings of Coca cola along with its bottling partner Coca Cola Amatil Ltd is 3.2% (Coca-Cola, 2017). The earnings before interest and Tax (EBIT) to $ 326.5 million indicate the progress of the companys shareholder value proposition. Net cash flow of the company is increased to $ 331.7 million along with cash realization of 98.1%. Till July 2015, the trading revenue and total revenue of the company are respectively $ 2449. 7 million and $ 2497.7 million. The company has observed 5.4% EBIT increment in New Zealand and Fiji. However, in Australia EBIT is declined by 1.9% (Coca-Cola, 2017). The revenue growth rate of Coca Cola Australia is also declined by 2.2%. It has increased the pressure in channel mix and caused a shift in category mix from sparkling to beverages, driven by water. For this reason, the company has started to reinvest in brand development in Australia to su pport the leadership position in Australian market and to enhance its business capabilities (Coca-Cola, 2017). Profitability There is a table given below to describe the profitability of the company Coca Cola. Profitability 2012 2012 to 2013 2012 to 2014 2012 to 2015 2012 to 2016 Tax Rate % 23.06 24.8 23.6 23.31 19.49 Net Margin % 18.78 18.32 15.43 16.60 15.59 Asset Turnover (average) 0.57 0.53 0.51 0.49 0.47 Return on asset 10.86 9.74 7.80 8.07 7.36 Financial leverage (average) 2.63 2.71 3.04 3.53 3.78 Return on equity % 28.00 26.03 22.36 26.31 26.85 Return on the invested capital 14.27 12.53 9.86 10.63 9.53 Coverage of interested 30.75 25.79 20.31 12.22 12.10 Table 1: profitability comparison of Coca Cola from 2012 to 2016 (Source: Coca-Cola, 2017) Macro environment (PESTLE factor) Political The business operation of Coca Cola is affected by political factors both in US market and in foreign market (Australian). Urde and Koch (2014) stated that Australia is liberal-capitalistic democracy. There are certain political factors that make business of Coca Cola profitable for Australian market. They are such as stable and open government, favorable tax system, availability of world-class infrastructure and competitive business cost. Economic The business of the company Coca Cola is significantly affected by the economic factors that are beyond the control of the company. These factors are such as rate of interest, exchange rate, cost of labors and many others. The global financial crisis of 2007- 2009 is one of the major economic factors that affected most of the companies of all industries. However, Kwak and Kim (2013) argued that the financial crisis had affected Coca Cola lesser compare to other organizations. Operating margin of the company remains in frontline (22%) despite of the crisis. Slack (2015) argued that inflation rate is of the major economic factors that affected the global business of Coca Cola. However, economic condition of Australia is favorable for the business of Coca Cola for various reasons: 1) Continuous economic growth of the country 2) ease of doing business index (10th rank) 3) contained rate of inflation 4) very low rate of public debt 5) stable and strong financial system 6) minimal restriction to open market Social Health concerns of Australian customers related with obesity and pursuit of healthy lifestyle are the major social factors that affected the business decisions of Coca Cola in recent years (Kiel, 2014). It has been found that the consumption of soft drinks in Australia is declining during the past decade (Gupta Pirsch, 2014). One the other hand consumption level of sport drinks and bottled water had been increased. In addition, such as multi-cultural society has majorly influenced the business of the company in Australia. In order to meet the demands of customers belong to different cultures, the company has launched different types of products such as Normal Coca Cola, Diet Coke, Coca Cola Zero and Ginger Coca-Cola and many more (Solomon, 2014). Technological Technological aspects have also affected the business of Coca Cola significantly. Australia is one of the most technologically developed countries in the world. The number of internet users in Australia during 2008 was 2.09 (Weinstein, 2014). This number will almost become double by 2020. In terms of availability of energy sources it can mentioned that Australia is the fourth highest producer of coal in the world (Sharma Lambert, 2013). In addition, numbers of government incentive and funding programs like RD Tax Incentive and Innovation Investment Fund (IIF) have make business of Coca cola profitable in Australia. Legal In order to enhance business operation in Australia, Coca Cola has to take care of the fair competition act (Competition and Consumer Act 2010). They also have to take care of the government regulations related with duty taxes. Mehta et al. (2015) stated that in general business law of Australia is very flexible for all companies. That makes business easier for Coca Cola. The company has followed some stages to enter the Australian market. They are such as: 1) Registration as foreign company 2) Obtaining business premises in Australia 3) Informing government about the source of finance 4) exchange control Environmental The environmental factors that Australia is concerned about are such as recycling, depletion of resources and pollution (Cui, 2015). The company has already taken some environmental friendly initiatives such as recycling of plastic bottles used for their products. It makes business easier for Coca Cola in Australia. Table 2: PESTLE analysis of the company Coca Cola in Australia (Source: Hollensen, 2015) Market Segments overall Market segmentation allows companies to define the proper products for dissimilar type of consumers. Normally, Coca Cola Company does not have a particular target market and is addressed to everyone. However, the main consumers of Coca Cola are 18-25 years old people (Wilkinson, 2013). On the other hand, the secondary target market of the organization is 12-18 years old people. The organization does not have any specific product for 12-18 years old people; however, the organization was able to reach them though partnerships such as restaurants and fast food centers, for example Mc Donalds. Therefore, it can be said that the core target audience of Coca Cola is youngster or youth (Gengler et al., 2017). The strategy of the organization related to targeting does not depend on the gender, but both the genders like this product that provides an advantage for the organization. Coca Cola Company and its marketing team focus on each consumer as they believe that each consumer is a potential customer of the organization. All age group is targeted by the organization; however, the most potential age group is 18-25 that covers nearly 40% of the total age segments. The organization also does not target people from any specific life style. However, people with busy life style and mobile generation (youth) are considered to be the most paramount part of Cokes consumers (Cross et al, 2015). In terms of occupation the organization does not target people from specific occupations; however, their targeted consumers are mainly students and family oriented people. Involvement of primary segment towards decision making While making any decision, the Coca Cola Company follows some steps related to their primary consumers. The steps are hereby mentioned below. Problem recognition: The management of Coca Cola always figures out the needs of its consumers before taking any type of decision. Consumer trends change rapidly. Coca Cola company always find out the changing needs of the consumers and then the management take decisions to address those changed needs. Evaluation of alternatives: Consumers consider several things before selecting product for them (Cui, 2015). The questions such as is this really the product for me? and Do I need different product? arise in the mind of a consumer. Then the consumers consider price, quality and other factors about a product before buying it. The management of Coca Company always considers these factors before taking any business related decision. Conducting campaigns: A Gallup poll was published by the State of the America Consumer that shows that only 5% consumers are influenced by the social media advertisements. Most of the soft drinks companies are using social media marketing advertisement strategies to communicate with the Australian customers. However, Coca Cola is not only using social media marketing but has also conducted campaigns to communicate with the customers (Hollensen, 2015). For example, the company developed a campaign, which was extremely successful in Australia. Competition It has been found that the soft drink company Coca cola has major competition with PepsiCo in every market including Australia. There is a table given below to compare the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for both the companies. SWOT analysis Coca Cola PepsiCo Strengths 1) The company has strong brand image. It is considered as the top five leading brands all over the world (Alt Iversen, 2017). 2) The company has adopted brand based bottling strategy. 3) Coca Cola hold 47% total volume sales in carbonates (Cross et al., 2015). 1) PepsiCo also has strong brand image. It is the second bestselling soft drink company in the world (after Coca Cola). 2) Constant product innovation is one of the major strengths of the company (Gengler Mulvey, 2017). 3) The company uses aggressive marketing strategies by using famous celebs in its advertisements. 4) Large portfolio of products is another major advantage of the company. Weaknesses 1) Carbonate market in Australia and all over the globe is decreasing (Wilkinson, 2013). 2) The over-complex relationship with bottling partners and the existing distribution system used by the company is not efficient for non-carbonates. 1) Carbonate market in Australia and all over the globe is decreasing (Wilkinson, 2013). Just like Coca Cola, it is also the major concern for the company PepsiCo. 2) The company is only able to attract young people (Wilkinson, 2013). Opportunities 1) The total volume of soft drink in Asia Pacific and Oceania region is forecasted to increase by 455 within 2020 (). The company can enhance their distribution strength in these regions to grab larger market share. 2) With the inclination of health concern, the company can used products like Minute Maid Light and Minute Maid Premium to get sustainable position in the mind of customers (Coca-Cola, 2017). 1) PepsiCo can focus on producing drinking water due to inclining consumer concern. 2) PepsiCo can increase production of healthier beverages 3) PepsiCo can start to emphasize on functional drink industry. 4) PepsiCo can increase focus on Asian beverages and RTD Tea production (Shao Bao, 2015). Threats 1) Development health concern society all over the world including Australia is a major threat for the company. 2) Some products of the competitor PepsiCo such as Aquafina, Gatorade and Tropicana have grater brand image compare to the products of Coca Cola (Coca-Cola, 2017). 3) Negative publicity in Western Europe and Protest in India has severe impact on the global business performance of Coca Cola. 1) Increasing health and obesity concerns 2) The competitor Coca Cola has increased its spending behind marketing and innovation to $ 400 million globally. It can be considered as a major threat for PesiCo (PepsiCo, 2017). Table 3: SWOT comparison of Coca Cola and PepsiCo (Source: created by author) Positioning map for organization Taking into consideration of the primary segment in Australia and their level of involvement in the decision making process and competition with PepsiCo, a positioning map for the products of Coca Cola has been developed for the Australian market place. There is chart given below to describe the positioning of the Coca Cola products. Figure 1: Positioning map of Coca Cola and PepsiCo in Australia (Source: Gengler Mulvey, 2017) This positioning map has been developed depending on two major variables. They are such as modern preference vs traditional preference and low sugar rate vs. high sugar rate. It has been found that the company Coca Cola has mainly targeted youngster within the age group of 18- 25. They mainly target fun loving youth generation with busy lifestyle. It has been found that this target segment of customers have two types of taste preferences. They are such as traditional taste preferences and modern or new taste preferences (Gengler Mulvey, 2017). On the other hand, due to the increase of busy lifestyle, consumers of Coca Cola are becoming more health and calorie conscious. It gives rise to two types of sugar rate preferences. Fun loving young generation prefer to have high sugar rate in their soft drinks. On the other hand, youths leading busy lifestyle and conscious about their health prefer to have soft drinks with low sugar rate. Depending on these two variables, a positioning map has been developed. The four quadrants of this market positioning maps (from top right hand corner) are such as 1) modern soft drinks with high sugar rate, 2) modern soft drinks with low sugar rate 3) traditional soft drinks with low sugar rate and 4) traditional soft drinks with high sugar rate. Depending on the taste and their sugar value, different soft drink products of Coca Cola and its competitor PepsiCo have been placed in the positioning map. From the positioning map it has been found that none of the products of Coca Cola can be placed in the first quadrant (modern soft drinks with high sugar rate). However, one the products of PepsiCo named as Pepsi Next can be placed in the first quadrant of this positioning map. One of the products of Coca Cola named as Coke Zero and two products of PepsiCo named as Diet Pepsi and Pepsi Max can be placed in the second quadrant. These products are highly popular among the youths of Australia, who are used to live healthy life style. These products are also known for their innovative taste among the primary segment of customers of Coca Cola. There is only one product of Coca Cola named as Diet Coke can be placed in the third quadrant. This product is popular for its traditional taste of coke along with low sugar rate. On the other hand, two of the classical products from both the two soft drink companies like Coke Classic and Pepsi can be placed in the fourth quadrant. Gengler and Mulve y (2017) stated that, these two products are well known for their classical taste and high rate of sugar value. References Alt, J., Iversen, T. (2017). market segmentation, and preferences for redistribution.American Journal of Political Science,61(1), 21-36. Coca-Cola,. (2017).Coca-Cola Journey Homepage.The Coca-Cola Company. Retrieved 5 April 2017, from https://www.coca-colacompany.com/ Cross, J. C., Belich, T. J., Rudelius, W. (2015). How marketing managers use market segmentation: An exploratory study. InProceedings of the 1990 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference(pp. 531-536). Springer International Publishing. Cui, G. (2015). Ethical issues in ethnic segmentation and target marketing. InProceedings of the 1998 Multicultural Marketing Conference(pp. 87-91). Springer International Publishing. Gengler, C. E., Mulvey, M. S. (2017). Planning pre-launch positioning: Segmentation via willingness-to-pay and means-end brand differentiators.Journal of Brand Management, 1-20. Gengler, C. E., Mulvey, M. S. (2017). Planning pre-launch positioning: Segmentation via willingness-to-pay and means-end brand differentiators.Journal of Brand Management, 1-20. Gupta, S., Pirsch, J. (2014). Consumer evaluation of target marketing to the bottom of the pyramid.Journal of International Consumer Marketing,26(1), 58-74. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Kiel, I. H. (2014). Entrepreneurial marketing. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Kwak, M., Kim, H. (2013). Market positioning of remanufactured products with optimal planning for part upgrades.Journal of Mechanical Design,135(1), 011007. Mehta, P., Sheth, M., Kanoongo, B., Gawade, A. P. A. (2015). Applications of Influence Propagation in Viral Marketing. PepsiCo,. (2017).The Search for Hidden Figures.Pepsico.com. Retrieved 5 April 2017, from https://www.pepsico.com/ Shao, A. T., Bao, Y. (2015). Unique positioning to an elusive market: Targeting teenagers. InNew Meanings for Marketing in a New Millennium(pp. 111-117). Springer International Publishing. Sharma, A., Lambert, D. M. (2013). Segmentation of markets based on customer service.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Slack, N. (2015).Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Solomon, M. R. (2014).Consumer behavior: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Urde, M., Koch, C. (2014). Market and brand-oriented schools of positioning.Journal of Product Brand Management,23(7), 478-490. Venter, P., Wright, A., Dibb, S. (2015). Performing market segmentation: a performative perspective.Journal of Marketing Management,31(1-2), 62-83. Weinstein, A. (2014). Target market selection in B2B technology markets.Journal of Marketing Analytics,2(1), 59-69. Wilkinson, F. (Ed.). (2013).The dynamics of market segmentation. Elsevier.